diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/mod.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/mod.rs
index bcd2fb00d..75321da86 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/mod.rs
@@ -19,17 +19,18 @@ pub use self::{env::ESLintEnv, rules::ESLintRules, settings::ESLintSettings};
 
 /// ESLint Config
 /// <https://eslint.org/docs/latest/use/configure/configuration-files-new#configuration-objects>
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
 pub struct ESLintConfig {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    rules: ESLintRules,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    settings: ESLintSettings,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    env: ESLintEnv,
+    pub(crate) rules: ESLintRules,
+    pub(crate) settings: ESLintSettings,
+    pub(crate) env: ESLintEnv,
 }
 
 impl ESLintConfig {
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// * Parse Failure
     pub fn from_file(path: &Path) -> Result<Self, Report> {
         let mut string = std::fs::read_to_string(path).map_err(|e| {
             FailedToParseConfigError(vec![Error::new(FailedToOpenFileError(path.to_path_buf(), e))])
@@ -66,10 +67,6 @@ impl ESLintConfig {
         Ok(config)
     }
 
-    pub fn properties(self) -> (ESLintSettings, ESLintEnv) {
-        (self.settings, self.env)
-    }
-
     #[allow(clippy::option_if_let_else)]
     pub fn override_rules(
         &self,
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/context.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/context.rs
index 3b815cf0e..607871268 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/context.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/context.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     disable_directives::{DisableDirectives, DisableDirectivesBuilder},
     fixer::{Fix, Message},
     javascript_globals::GLOBALS,
-    ESLintEnv, ESLintSettings,
+    ESLintConfig, ESLintEnv, ESLintSettings,
 };
 
 pub struct LintContext<'a> {
@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ pub struct LintContext<'a> {
 
     file_path: Box<Path>,
 
-    settings: Arc<ESLintSettings>,
-
-    env: Arc<ESLintEnv>,
+    pub eslint_config: Arc<ESLintConfig>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> LintContext<'a> {
@@ -42,8 +40,7 @@ impl<'a> LintContext<'a> {
             fix: false,
             current_rule_name: "",
             file_path,
-            settings: Arc::new(ESLintSettings::default()),
-            env: Arc::new(ESLintEnv::default()),
+            eslint_config: Arc::new(ESLintConfig::default()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -54,14 +51,8 @@ impl<'a> LintContext<'a> {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_settings(mut self, settings: &Arc<ESLintSettings>) -> Self {
-        self.settings = Arc::clone(settings);
-        self
-    }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_env(mut self, env: &Arc<ESLintEnv>) -> Self {
-        self.env = Arc::clone(env);
+    pub fn with_eslint_config(mut self, eslint_config: &Arc<ESLintConfig>) -> Self {
+        self.eslint_config = Arc::clone(eslint_config);
         self
     }
 
@@ -73,10 +64,6 @@ impl<'a> LintContext<'a> {
         &self.disable_directives
     }
 
-    pub fn settings(&self) -> &ESLintSettings {
-        &self.settings
-    }
-
     pub fn source_text(&self) -> &'a str {
         self.semantic().source_text()
     }
@@ -89,12 +76,16 @@ impl<'a> LintContext<'a> {
         &self.file_path
     }
 
-    pub fn envs(&self) -> &ESLintEnv {
-        &self.env
+    pub fn env(&self) -> &ESLintEnv {
+        &self.eslint_config.env
+    }
+
+    pub fn settings(&self) -> &ESLintSettings {
+        &self.eslint_config.settings
     }
 
     pub fn env_contains_var(&self, var: &str) -> bool {
-        for env in self.env.iter() {
+        for env in self.env().iter() {
             let env = GLOBALS.get(env).unwrap_or(&GLOBALS["builtin"]);
             if env.get(var).is_some() {
                 return true;
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/lib.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/lib.rs
index f216bd59c..0a7e99624 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ use std::{io::Write, rc::Rc, sync::Arc};
 
 use oxc_diagnostics::Report;
 
+pub use crate::{
+    config::ESLintConfig,
+    context::LintContext,
+    options::{AllowWarnDeny, LintOptions},
+    service::{LintService, LintServiceOptions},
+};
 use crate::{
     config::{ESLintEnv, ESLintSettings},
     fixer::Fix,
@@ -30,11 +36,6 @@ use crate::{
     rule::RuleCategory,
     rules::{RuleEnum, RULES},
 };
-pub use crate::{
-    context::LintContext,
-    options::{AllowWarnDeny, LintOptions},
-    service::{LintService, LintServiceOptions},
-};
 use oxc_semantic::AstNode;
 
 #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
@@ -52,8 +53,7 @@ fn size_asserts() {
 pub struct Linter {
     rules: Vec<(/* rule name */ &'static str, RuleEnum)>,
     options: LintOptions,
-    settings: Arc<ESLintSettings>,
-    env: Arc<ESLintEnv>,
+    eslint_config: Arc<ESLintConfig>,
 }
 
 impl Default for Linter {
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ impl Linter {
     ///
     /// Returns `Err` if there are any errors parsing the configuration file.
     pub fn from_options(options: LintOptions) -> Result<Self, Report> {
-        let (rules, settings, env) = options.derive_rules_and_settings_and_env()?;
+        let (rules, eslint_config) = options.derive_rules_and_config()?;
         let rules = rules.into_iter().map(|rule| (rule.name(), rule)).collect();
-        Ok(Self { rules, options, settings: Arc::new(settings), env: Arc::new(env) })
+        Ok(Self { rules, options, eslint_config: Arc::new(eslint_config) })
     }
 
     #[must_use]
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ impl Linter {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_settings(mut self, settings: ESLintSettings) -> Self {
-        self.settings = Arc::new(settings);
+    pub fn with_eslint_config(mut self, eslint_config: ESLintConfig) -> Self {
+        self.eslint_config = Arc::new(eslint_config);
         self
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_envs(mut self, env: ESLintEnv) -> Self {
-        self.env = Arc::new(env);
+    pub fn with_fix(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
+        self.options.fix = yes;
         self
     }
 
@@ -98,16 +98,9 @@ impl Linter {
         self.rules.len()
     }
 
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_fix(mut self, yes: bool) -> Self {
-        self.options.fix = yes;
-        self
-    }
-
     pub fn run<'a>(&self, ctx: LintContext<'a>) -> Vec<Message<'a>> {
         let semantic = Rc::clone(ctx.semantic());
-        let mut ctx =
-            ctx.with_fix(self.options.fix).with_settings(&self.settings).with_env(&self.env);
+        let mut ctx = ctx.with_fix(self.options.fix).with_eslint_config(&self.eslint_config);
 
         for (rule_name, rule) in &self.rules {
             ctx.with_rule_name(rule_name);
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/options.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/options.rs
index 37fd69c74..1f9b94472 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/options.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/options.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
+use serde_json::{Number, Value};
+
+use oxc_diagnostics::Error;
+
 use crate::{
     config::{
         errors::{
@@ -9,11 +14,8 @@ use crate::{
         ESLintConfig,
     },
     rules::RULES,
-    ESLintEnv, ESLintSettings, RuleCategory, RuleEnum,
+    RuleCategory, RuleEnum,
 };
-use oxc_diagnostics::Error;
-use rustc_hash::FxHashSet;
-use serde_json::{Number, Value};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct LintOptions {
@@ -29,7 +31,6 @@ pub struct LintOptions {
     pub jsx_a11y_plugin: bool,
     pub nextjs_plugin: bool,
     pub react_perf_plugin: bool,
-    pub env: ESLintEnv,
 }
 
 impl Default for LintOptions {
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@ impl Default for LintOptions {
             jsx_a11y_plugin: false,
             nextjs_plugin: false,
             react_perf_plugin: false,
-            env: ESLintEnv::default(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -112,12 +112,6 @@ impl LintOptions {
         self.react_perf_plugin = yes;
         self
     }
-
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_env(mut self, env: Vec<String>) -> Self {
-        self.env = ESLintEnv::from_vec(env);
-        self
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -186,9 +180,7 @@ impl LintOptions {
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// * Returns `Err` if there are any errors parsing the configuration file.
-    pub fn derive_rules_and_settings_and_env(
-        &self,
-    ) -> Result<(Vec<RuleEnum>, ESLintSettings, ESLintEnv), Error> {
+    pub fn derive_rules_and_config(&self) -> Result<(Vec<RuleEnum>, ESLintConfig), Error> {
         let config =
             self.config_path.as_ref().map(|path| ESLintConfig::from_file(path)).transpose()?;
 
@@ -238,12 +230,10 @@ impl LintOptions {
 
         let mut rules = rules.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        let (settings, env) = config.map(ESLintConfig::properties).unwrap_or_default();
-
         // for stable diagnostics output ordering
         rules.sort_unstable_by_key(RuleEnum::name);
 
-        Ok((rules, settings, env))
+        Ok((rules, config.unwrap_or_default()))
     }
 
     // get final filtered rules by reading `self.xxx_plugin`
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_access.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_access.rs
index 17929575c..6d7f86d98 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_access.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_access.rs
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           *
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @access public
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -135,16 +135,16 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @accessLevel package
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "access": "accessLevel",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @public
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @private
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "ignorePrivate": true,
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @access foo
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -217,14 +217,14 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @access foo
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "ignorePrivate": true,
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -238,11 +238,11 @@ fn test() {
         			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "access": "accessLevel",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -251,16 +251,16 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @access
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "access": false,
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @public
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @access private
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -308,14 +308,14 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @access private
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "ignorePrivate": true,
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @private
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -338,14 +338,14 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @private
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "ignorePrivate": true,
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @public
 			           */
 			          function quux (foo) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_property_names.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_property_names.rs
index 5a881b8a6..ded254055 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_property_names.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/check_property_names.rs
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @property cfg.foo
 			           */
 			          function quux ({foo, bar}) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @property cfg.foo
 			           */
 			          quux ({foo, bar}) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      }
 			      ",
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @property baz
 			           */
 			          function quux ({foo, bar}, baz) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @property baz
 			           */
 			          function quux ({foo, bar}, baz) {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      "#,
             None,
@@ -409,11 +409,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
     ];
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property.rs
index a88303bc6..e1e5fdcda 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property.rs
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ fn test() {
 			           * @property {anotherType} yetAnotherProp This with a type and desc.
 			           */
 			          function quux () {
-			
+
 			          }
 			      ",
             None,
@@ -250,11 +250,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
         (
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_description.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_description.rs
index 0477d4595..befe68520 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_description.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_description.rs
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
     ];
@@ -179,11 +179,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
     ];
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_name.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_name.rs
index 4555edb60..d01291628 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_name.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_name.rs
@@ -140,11 +140,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
     ];
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_type.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_type.rs
index a1fbe2f2b..781046398 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_type.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsdoc/require_property_type.rs
@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
     ];
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ fn test() {
 			      ",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsdoc": {
+              "settings": { "jsdoc": {
                 "tagNamePreference": {
                   "property": "prop",
                 },
-              },
+              } },
             })),
         ),
     ];
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/alt_text.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/alt_text.rs
index b352bec67..ce33a3c26 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/alt_text.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/alt_text.rs
@@ -465,7 +465,9 @@ fn test() {
         (
             r#"<SomeComponent as="img" aria-label="" />"#,
             None,
-            Some(serde_json::json!({ "jsx-a11y": { "polymorphicPropName": "as" } })),
+            Some(
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "jsx-a11y": { "polymorphicPropName": "as" } } }),
+            ),
         ),
         (r"<object />", None, None),
         (r"<object><div aria-hidden /></object>", None, None),
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_has_content.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_has_content.rs
index 860a267dd..153a1790c 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_has_content.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_has_content.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ fn test() {
         (
             r"<Link>foo</Link>",
             None,
-            Some(serde_json::json!({ "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Link": "a" } } })),
+            Some(
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Link": "a" } } } }),
+            ),
         ),
         (r"<a title={title} />", None, None),
         (r"<a aria-label={ariaLabel} />", None, None),
@@ -124,7 +126,9 @@ fn test() {
         (
             r"<Link />",
             None,
-            Some(serde_json::json!({ "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Link": "a" } } })),
+            Some(
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Link": "a" } } } }),
+            ),
         ),
     ];
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_is_valid.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_is_valid.rs
index 603c5ecad..4c17de4da 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_is_valid.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/anchor_is_valid.rs
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ fn test() {
             r"<Link href='#foo' />",
             Some(serde_json::json!({ "validHrefs": ["#foo"] })),
             Some(
-                serde_json::json!({ "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Anchor": "a", "Link": "a" } } }),
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Anchor": "a", "Link": "a" } } } }),
             ),
         ),
         // (r#"<a {...props} />"#, Some(serde_json::json!(specialLink))),
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ fn test() {
             r"<Link href='#' onClick={() => void 0} />",
             None,
             Some(
-                serde_json::json!({ "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Anchor": "a", "Link": "a" } } }),
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "jsx-a11y": { "components": { "Anchor": "a", "Link": "a" } } } }),
             ),
         ),
         // (r#"<a hrefLeft={undefined} />"#, Some(serde_json::json!(specialLink))),
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_activedescendant_has_tabindex.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_activedescendant_has_tabindex.rs
index 7b604dbd6..98ad800e7 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_activedescendant_has_tabindex.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_activedescendant_has_tabindex.rs
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "CustomComponent": "div",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_role.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_role.rs
index c4174a84f..0e1bba5fc 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_role.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/aria_role.rs
@@ -182,12 +182,12 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "polymorphicPropName": "asChild",
                 "components": {
                     "Div": "div",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/autocomplete_valid.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/autocomplete_valid.rs
index f0f9f8610..c2d39752d 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/autocomplete_valid.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/autocomplete_valid.rs
@@ -215,11 +215,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Input": "input",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/click_events_have_key_events.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/click_events_have_key_events.rs
index cdac7d54b..6a7402d3b 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/click_events_have_key_events.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/click_events_have_key_events.rs
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ fn test() {
             r"<Footer onClick={doFoo} />",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-                "jsx-a11y": {
+                "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                     "components": {
                         "Footer": "footer",
                     }
-                }
+                } }
             })),
             None,
         ),
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/heading_has_content.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/heading_has_content.rs
index c9d48e330..e3b757440 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/heading_has_content.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/heading_has_content.rs
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-          "jsx-a11y": {
+          "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
             "components": {
               "CustomInput": "input",
               "Title": "h1",
               "Heading": "h2",
             },
-          },
+          } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/html_has_lang.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/html_has_lang.rs
index 88f1f9790..618dd4992 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/html_has_lang.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/html_has_lang.rs
@@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "HTMLTop": "html",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/iframe_has_title.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/iframe_has_title.rs
index c860cb8c7..2c3e9eec7 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/iframe_has_title.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/iframe_has_title.rs
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ fn test() {
             r"<FooComponent title='Unique title' />",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsx-a11y": {
+              "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                   "FooComponent": "iframe",
                 },
-              },
+              }, }
             })),
         ),
     ];
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ fn test() {
             r"<FooComponent />",
             None,
             Some(serde_json::json!({
-              "jsx-a11y": {
+              "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                   "FooComponent": "iframe",
                 },
-              },
+              }, }
             })),
         ),
     ];
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/img_redundant_alt.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/img_redundant_alt.rs
index 6acc3558d..7c52ebe5b 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/img_redundant_alt.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/img_redundant_alt.rs
@@ -195,11 +195,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Image": "img",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/lang.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/lang.rs
index d42288e7d..d62665fd7 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/lang.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/lang.rs
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "polymorphicPropName": "as",
                 "components": {
                     "Foo": "html",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/media_has_caption.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/media_has_caption.rs
index 1488048cd..e286de2e7 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/media_has_caption.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/media_has_caption.rs
@@ -188,14 +188,14 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "polymorphicPropName": "as",
                 "components": {
                     "Audio": "audio",
                     "Video": "video",
                     "Track": "track",
                 },
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_autofocus.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_autofocus.rs
index 77bb7e951..efab7c89f 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_autofocus.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_autofocus.rs
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Button": "button",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_distracting_elements.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_distracting_elements.rs
index 97437d72c..63ff8b46f 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_distracting_elements.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_distracting_elements.rs
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Blink": "blink",
                     "Marquee": "marquee"
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_redundant_roles.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_redundant_roles.rs
index 90644c44e..3ce65602e 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_redundant_roles.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/no_redundant_roles.rs
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Button": "button",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_has_required_aria_props.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_has_required_aria_props.rs
index 8b4382b9e..dee0eea36 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_has_required_aria_props.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_has_required_aria_props.rs
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "MyComponent": "div",
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_supports_aria_props.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_supports_aria_props.rs
index 52837c546..b283a99a4 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_supports_aria_props.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/role_supports_aria_props.rs
@@ -1273,11 +1273,11 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Link": "a"
                 }
-            },
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/scope.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/scope.rs
index 719505958..59f07a24f 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/scope.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/jsx_a11y/scope.rs
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ fn test() {
 
     fn settings() -> serde_json::Value {
         serde_json::json!({
-            "jsx-a11y": {
+            "settings": { "jsx-a11y": {
                 "components": {
                     "Foo": "div",
                     "TableHeader": "th"
                 }
-            }
+            } }
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/react/jsx_no_target_blank.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/react/jsx_no_target_blank.rs
index 6fb8173b7..077ed76f4 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/react/jsx_no_target_blank.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/rules/react/jsx_no_target_blank.rs
@@ -489,20 +489,20 @@ fn test() {
         (
             r#"<Link target="_blank" href={ dynamicLink }></Link>"#,
             Some(serde_json::json!([{ "enforceDynamicLinks": "never" }])),
-            Some(serde_json::json!({ "react": { "linkComponents": ["Link"] } })),
+            Some(serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "react": { "linkComponents": ["Link"] } } })),
         ),
         (
             r#"<Link target="_blank" to={ dynamicLink }></Link>"#,
             Some(serde_json::json!([{ "enforceDynamicLinks": "never" }])),
             Some(
-                serde_json::json!({"react": { "linkComponents": [{ "name": "Link", "linkAttribute": "to" }] }}),
+                serde_json::json!({"settings": { "react": { "linkComponents": [{ "name": "Link", "linkAttribute": "to" }] } }}),
             ),
         ),
         (
             r#"<Link target="_blank" to={ dynamicLink }></Link>"#,
             Some(serde_json::json!([{ "enforceDynamicLinks": "never" }])),
             Some(
-                serde_json::json!({ "react": { "linkComponents": [{ "name": "Link", "linkAttribute": ["to"] }] }}),
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "react": { "linkComponents": [{ "name": "Link", "linkAttribute": ["to"] }] } }}),
             ),
         ),
         (
@@ -683,13 +683,13 @@ fn test() {
         (
             r#"<Link target="_blank" href={ dynamicLink }></Link>"#,
             Some(serde_json::json!([{ "enforceDynamicLinks": "always"}])),
-            Some(serde_json::json!({ "react": { "linkComponents": ["Link"] } })),
+            Some(serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "react": { "linkComponents": ["Link"] } } })),
         ),
         (
             r#"<Link target="_blank" to={ dynamicLink }></Link>"#,
             Some(serde_json::json!([{ "enforceDynamicLinks": "always" }])),
             Some(
-                serde_json::json!({ "react": { "linkComponents": [{ "name": "Link", "linkAttribute": "to" }] } }),
+                serde_json::json!({ "settings": { "react": { "linkComponents": [{ "name": "Link", "linkAttribute": "to" }] } } }),
             ),
         ),
         (
diff --git a/crates/oxc_linter/src/tester.rs b/crates/oxc_linter/src/tester.rs
index 56559959e..6dd01b04b 100644
--- a/crates/oxc_linter/src/tester.rs
+++ b/crates/oxc_linter/src/tester.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_json::Value;
 
 use crate::{
-    rules::RULES, ESLintSettings, Fixer, LintOptions, LintService, LintServiceOptions, Linter,
+    rules::RULES, ESLintConfig, Fixer, LintOptions, LintService, LintServiceOptions, Linter,
     RuleEnum,
 };
 
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ enum TestResult {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct TestCase {
     source: String,
-    config: Option<Value>,
-    settings: Option<Value>,
+    rule_config: Option<Value>,
+    eslint_config: Option<Value>,
     path: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
@@ -42,22 +42,27 @@ impl From<String> for TestCase {
 }
 
 impl From<(&str, Option<Value>)> for TestCase {
-    fn from((source, config): (&str, Option<Value>)) -> Self {
-        Self { source: source.to_string(), config, ..Self::default() }
+    fn from((source, rule_config): (&str, Option<Value>)) -> Self {
+        Self { source: source.to_string(), rule_config, ..Self::default() }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<(&str, Option<Value>, Option<Value>)> for TestCase {
-    fn from((source, config, settings): (&str, Option<Value>, Option<Value>)) -> Self {
-        Self { source: source.to_string(), config, settings, ..Self::default() }
+    fn from((source, rule_config, eslint_config): (&str, Option<Value>, Option<Value>)) -> Self {
+        Self { source: source.to_string(), rule_config, eslint_config, ..Self::default() }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<(&str, Option<Value>, Option<Value>, Option<PathBuf>)> for TestCase {
     fn from(
-        (source, config, settings, path): (&str, Option<Value>, Option<Value>, Option<PathBuf>),
+        (source, rule_config, eslint_config, path): (
+            &str,
+            Option<Value>,
+            Option<Value>,
+            Option<PathBuf>,
+        ),
     ) -> Self {
-        Self { source: source.to_string(), config, settings, path }
+        Self { source: source.to_string(), rule_config, eslint_config, path }
     }
 }
 
@@ -159,16 +164,16 @@ impl Tester {
     }
 
     fn test_pass(&mut self) {
-        for TestCase { source, config, settings, path } in self.expect_pass.clone() {
-            let result = self.run(&source, config, false, &settings, &path);
+        for TestCase { source, rule_config, eslint_config, path } in self.expect_pass.clone() {
+            let result = self.run(&source, rule_config, &eslint_config, path, false);
             let passed = result == TestResult::Passed;
             assert!(passed, "expect test to pass: {source} {}", self.snapshot);
         }
     }
 
     fn test_fail(&mut self) {
-        for TestCase { source, config, settings, path } in self.expect_fail.clone() {
-            let result = self.run(&source, config, false, &settings, &path);
+        for TestCase { source, rule_config, eslint_config, path } in self.expect_fail.clone() {
+            let result = self.run(&source, rule_config, &eslint_config, path, false);
             let failed = result == TestResult::Failed;
             assert!(failed, "expect test to fail: {source}");
         }
@@ -176,7 +181,7 @@ impl Tester {
 
     fn test_fix(&mut self) {
         for (test, expected, config) in self.expect_fix.clone() {
-            let result = self.run(&test, config, true, &None, &None);
+            let result = self.run(&test, config, &None, None, true);
             if let TestResult::Fixed(fixed_str) = result {
                 assert_eq!(expected, fixed_str);
             } else {
@@ -188,16 +193,13 @@ impl Tester {
     fn run(
         &mut self,
         source_text: &str,
-        config: Option<Value>,
+        rule_config: Option<Value>,
+        eslint_config: &Option<Value>,
+        path: Option<PathBuf>,
         is_fix: bool,
-        settings: &Option<Value>,
-        path: &Option<PathBuf>,
     ) -> TestResult {
         let allocator = Allocator::default();
-        let rule = self.find_rule().read_json(config);
-        let lint_settings: ESLintSettings = settings
-            .as_ref()
-            .map_or_else(ESLintSettings::default, |v| ESLintSettings::deserialize(v).unwrap());
+        let rule = self.find_rule().read_json(rule_config);
         let options = LintOptions::default()
             .with_fix(is_fix)
             .with_import_plugin(self.import_plugin)
@@ -205,10 +207,13 @@ impl Tester {
             .with_jsx_a11y_plugin(self.jsx_a11y_plugin)
             .with_nextjs_plugin(self.nextjs_plugin)
             .with_react_perf_plugin(self.react_perf_plugin);
+        let eslint_config = eslint_config
+            .as_ref()
+            .map_or_else(ESLintConfig::default, |v| ESLintConfig::deserialize(v).unwrap());
         let linter = Linter::from_options(options)
             .unwrap()
             .with_rules(vec![rule])
-            .with_settings(lint_settings);
+            .with_eslint_config(eslint_config);
         let path_to_lint = if self.import_plugin {
             assert!(path.is_none(), "import plugin does not support path");
             self.current_working_directory.join(&self.rule_path)